Giới thiệu Ký hiệu thiên văn

  1. ↑ Encke, Johann Franz (1850). Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch für 1853 [Niên lịch thiên văn Berlin năm 1853] (bằng tiếng Đức). Berlin. tr. VIII.
  2. 1 2 Neugebauer, Otto (1975). A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. tr. 788–789. ISBN 978-0-387-06995-1.
  3. 1 2 3 4
  4. ↑ Pasko, Wesley Washington (1894). American dictionary of printing and bookmaking. H. Lockwood. tr. 29.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 “Miscellaneous Symbols” (PDF). unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. 2018. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 11 năm 2018.
  6. ↑ “Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows” (PDF). unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. 2022. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 10 năm 2022.
  7. ↑ “Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs” (PDF). unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. 2018. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 11 năm 2018.
  8. ↑ “Alchemical Symbols” (PDF). unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. 2022. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 10 năm 2022.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jones, Alexander (1999). Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus. tr. 62–63. ISBN 978-0-87169-233-7.
  10. ↑ Green, Simon F.; Jones, Mark H.; Burnell, S. Jocelyn (2004). An Introduction to the Sun and Stars. Cambridge University Press. tr. 8.
  11. ↑ Goswami, Aruna (2010). Principles and Perspectives in Cosmochemistry: Lecture notes of the Kodai School on Synthesis of Elements in Stars held at Kodaikanal Observatory, India, April 29 – May 13, 2008. tr. 4–5.
  12. ↑ Gray, David F. (2005). The Observation and Analysis of Stellar Photospheres. Cambridge University Press. tr. 505.
  13. ↑ Salaris, Maurizio; Cassisi, Santi (2005). Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations. John Wiley and Sons. tr. 351.
  14. ↑ Tielens, A.G.G.M. (2005). The Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium. Cambridge University Press. tr. xi.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cox, Arthur (2001). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer. tr. 2. ISBN 978-0-387-95189-8.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hilton, James L. (14 tháng 6 năm 2011). “When did the Asteroids become Minor Planets?”. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 10 tháng 8 năm 2018. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 4 năm 2013.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Frey, A. (1857). Nouveau manuel complet de typographie contenant les principes théoriques et pratiques de cet art (bằng tiếng Pháp). Librairie encyclopédique de Roret. tr. 379.
  18. ↑ Éphémérides des mouvemens célestes [Ephemeridies of Celestial Positions] (bằng tiếng Pháp). 1774. tr. xxxiv.
  19. ↑ The American Practical Navigator, chapter 13, 'Navigational Astronomy'
  20. ↑ Text display is forced by appending U+FE0E to the character. Emojis are forced by appending U+FE0F.
  21. 1 2 3 4 The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 22. C. Knight. 1842. tr. 197.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The Encyclopedia Americana: A library of universal knowledge. 26. Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1920. tr. 162–163. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 3 năm 2011.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Putnam, Edmund Whitman (1914). The essence of astronomy: things every one should know about the sun, moon, and stars. G.P. Putnam's sons. tr. 197.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Almanach de Gotha. 158. 1852. tr. ii.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Almanach Hachette. Hachette. 1908. tr. 8.
  26. 1 2 Jim Maynard, Celestial Calendars
  27. ↑ “Bianchini's planisphere”. Florence, Italy: Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza [Institute and Museum of the History of Science]. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 27 tháng 2 năm 2018. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 8 năm 2018.
  28. 1 2 Maunder, A.S.D. (1934). “The origin of the symbols of the planets”. The Observatory. 57: 238–247. Bibcode:1934Obs....57..238M.
  29. 1 2 3 Bode, J.E. (1784). Von dem neu entdeckten Planeten [On the newly discovered planets]. Beim Verfaszer. tr. 95–96. Bibcode:1784vdne.book.....B.
  30. 1 2 3 Gould, B. A. (1850). Report on the history of the discovery of Neptune. Smithsonian Institution. tr. 5.
  31. 1 2 Herschel, Francisca (1917). “The meaning of the symbol H+o for the planet Uranus”. The Observatory. 40: 306. Bibcode:1917Obs....40..306H.
  32. ↑ Anderson, Deborah; Iancu, Laurențiu; Sargent, Murray (14 tháng 8 năm 2019). “Proposal to Encode the Astronomical Symbol for Uranus” (PDF). Unicode.
  33. 1 2 Littmann, Mark; E.M., Standish (2004). Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System. Courier Dover Publications. tr. 50. ISBN 978-0-486-43602-9.
  34. 1 2 Pillans, James (1847). “Ueber den Namen des neuen Planeten” [On the names of the new planets]. Astronomische Nachrichten. 25 (26): 389–392. Bibcode:1847AN.....25..389.. doi:10.1002/asna.18470252602.
  35. 1 2 Baum, Richard; Sheehan, William (2003). In Search of Planet Vulcan: The Ghost in Newton's Clockwork Universe. Basic Books. tr. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-7382-0889-3.
  36. 1 2 3 Schumacher, H.C. (1846). “Name des Neuen Planeten” [Name for the new planet]. Astronomische Nachrichten (bằng tiếng Đức). 25 (6): 81–82. Bibcode:1846AN.....25...81L. doi:10.1002/asna.18470250603.
  37. ↑ Gingerich, Owen (1958). “The Naming of Uranus and Neptune”. Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Leaflets. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 8 (352): 9–15. Bibcode:1958ASPL....8....9G.
  38. ↑ Hind, J.R. (1847). “Second report of proceedings in the Cambridge Observatory relating to the new Planet (Neptune)”. Astronomische Nachrichten. 25 (21): 309–314. Bibcode:1847AN.....25..309.. doi:10.1002/asna.18470252102.
  39. ↑ Connaissance des temps: ou des mouvementes célestes, à l'usage des astronomes (bằng tiếng Pháp). France: Bureau des Longitudes. 1847. tr. unnumbered front matter.
  40. ↑ E.g. p. 10, fig. 3 in Chen & Kipping (2017) Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds, The Astrophysical Journal, 834: 1.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Bản mẫu:Ref-llibre
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Mattison, Hiram (1872). High-School Astronomy. Sheldon & Co. tr. 32–36.
  43. ↑ Unicode characters with a similar shape:
    :U+2295 ⊕ CIRCLED PLUS;
    :U+2A01 ⨁ N-ARY CIRCLED PLUS OPERATOR; U+1F310 🌐︎ GLOBE WITH MERIDIANS
  44. ↑ "Solar System", in The English Cyclopaedia of Arts and Sciences, vol. VII-VIII, 1861
  45. ↑ Bode, J.E. biên tập (1801). Berliner astronomisches Jahrbuch führ das Jahr 1804 [The Berlin Astronomical Yearbook for 1804]. tr. 97–98.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 von Zach, Franz Xaver (1802). “Monatliche correspondenz zur beförderung der erd- und himmels-kunde” [Monthly correspondence for furthering Earth and Space Sciences [journal]]. tr. 95–96.
  47. 1 2 3 von Zach, Franz Xaver (1804). Monatliche correspondenz zur beförderung der erd- und himmels-kunde [Monthly correspondence for furthering Earth and Space Sciences [journal]] (bằng tiếng Đức). 10. tr. 471.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 von Zach, Franz Xaver (1807). Monatliche correspondenz zur beförderung der erd- und himmels-kunde [Monthly correspondence for furthering Earth and Space Sciences [journal]] (bằng tiếng Đức). 15. tr. 507.
  49. ↑ Carlini, Francesco (1808). Effemeridi astronomiche di Milano per l'anno 1809 [Astronomical Ephemeridies of Milan for the Year 1809] (bằng tiếng Ý).
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Faulks, David (9 tháng 5 năm 2006). “Proposal to add some Western Astrology Symbols to the UCS” (PDF). tr. 4. Lưu trữ (PDF) bản gốc ngày 15 tháng 6 năm 2018. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 11 năm 2017. In general, only the signs for Vesta have enough variance to be regarded as different designs. However, all of these Vesta symbols ... are differing designs for "the hearth and flame of the temple of the Goddess Vesta" in Rome, and can thus be regarded as extreme variants of a single symbol.
  51. ↑ Annuaire pour l'an 1808 [Almanac for the Year 1808] (bằng tiếng Pháp). France: Bureau des longitudes. 1807. tr. 5.
  52. ↑ Canovai, Stanislao; del-Ricco, Gaetano (1810). Elementi di fisica matematica [Elements of Mathematical Physics] (bằng tiếng Ý). tr. 149.
  53. 1 2 3 Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin; Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 1845. tr. 406. Der Planet hat mit Einwilligung des Entdeckers den Namen Astraea erhalten, und sein Zeichen wird nach dem Wunsche des Hr. Hencke ein umgekehrter Anker [symbol pictured] sein.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer. tr. 15–18. ISBN 978-0-354-06174-2.
  55. 1 2 3 Wöchentliche Unterhaltungen für Dilettanten und Freunde der Astronomie, Geographie und Witterungskunde [Weekly entertainments for Enthusiasts and Friends of Astronomy, Geography, and Meteorology]. 1847. tr. 315.
  56. ↑ Steger, Franz (1847). Ergänzungs-conversationslexikon [Supplementary Conversational Lexicon] (bằng tiếng Đức). 3. tr. 442. Hofrath Gauß gab auf Hencke's Ansuchen diesem neuen Planetoiden den Namen Hebe mit dem Zeichen (ein Weinglas).
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 “Report of the Council to the Twenty-eighth Annual General Meeting”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 8 (4): 82. 1848. Bibcode:1848MNRAS...8...82.. doi:10.1093/mnras/8.4.57. The symbol adopted for [Iris] is a semicircle to represent the rainbow, with an interior star and a base line for the horizon. ... The symbol adopted for [Flora's] designation is the figure of a flower.
  58. 1 2 “Extract of a letter from Mr. Graham”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 8: 147. 1848. I trust, therefore, that astronomers will adopt this name [viz. Metis], with an eye and star for symbol.
  59. 1 2 3 4 5 6 de Gasparis, Annibale (1850). “Letter to Mr. Hind, from Professor Annibale de Gasparis”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 11: 1. Bibcode:1850MNRAS..11....1D. doi:10.1093/mnras/11.1.1a. The symbol of Hygeia is a serpent (like a Greek ζ) crowned with a star. That of Parthenope is a fish crowned with a star.
  60. 1 2 Hind, J.R. (1850). “Letter from Mr. Hind”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 11: 2. Bibcode:1850MNRAS..11....2H. doi:10.1093/mnras/11.1.2. I have called the new planet Victoria, for which I have devised, as a symbol, a star and laurel branch, emblematic of the goddess of Victory.
  61. 1 2 “Correspondance”. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. France: Académie des Sciences. 32: 224. 1851. M. de Gasparis adresse ses remerciments à l'Académie, qui lui a décerné, dans la séance solennelle du 16 décembre 1850, deux des médailles de la fondation Lalande, pour la découverte des planètes Hygie, Parthénope et Egérie. M. d Gasparis annonce qu'il a choisi, pour symbole de cette dernière planète, la figure d'un bouclier.
  62. 1 2 Hind, J.R. (1851). “On the discovery of a fourth new planet, at Mr. Bishop's observatory, Regent's Park”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 11 (8): 171. doi:10.1093/mnras/11.8.170a. Sir John Herschel, who kindly undertook the selection of a name for this, the fourteenth member of the ultra-zodiacal group, has suggested Irene as one suitable to the present time, the symbol to be a dove carrying an olive-branch with a star on the head; and since the announcement of this name, I have been gratified in receiving from all quarters the most unqualified expressions of approbation.
  63. 1 2 Sonntag, A. (1852). “Elemente und Ephemeride der Psyche” [Elements and ephemeridies for Psyche]. Astronomische Nachrichten (bằng tiếng Đức). 34 (20): 283–286. Bibcode:1852AN.....34..283.. doi:10.1002/asna.18520342010. (in a footnote) Herr Professor de Gasparis schreibt mir, in Bezug auf den von ihm März 17 entdeckten neuen Planeten: "J'ai proposé, avec l'approbation de Mr. Hind, le nom de Psyché pour la nouvelle planète, ayant pour symbole une aile de papillon surmontée d'une étoile."
  64. 1 2 3 Luther, R. (1852). “Beobachtungen der Thetis auf der Bilker Sternwarte” [Observations of Thetis at the Bilker observatory]. Astronomische Nachrichten (bằng tiếng Đức). 34 (16): 243–244. doi:10.1002/asna.18520341606. Herr Director Argelander in Bonn, welcher der hiesigen Sternwarte schon seit längerer Zeit seinen Schutz und Beistand zu Theil werden lässt, hat die Entdeckung des April-Planeten zuerst constatirt und mir bei dieser Gelegenheit dafür den Namen Thetis und das Zeichen [symbol pictured] vorgeschlagen, wodurch der der silberfüssigen Göttinn geheiligte Delphin angedeutet wird. Indem ich mich hiermit einverstanden erkläre, ersuche ich die sämmtlichen Herren Astronomen, diesen Namen und dieses Zeichen annehmen und beibehalten zu wollen.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hind, J.R. (1852). An Astronomical Vocabulary. tr. v–vi.
  66. ↑ Brocklesby, John (1855). Elements of Astronomy. New York: Farmer, Brace & Co. tr. 14–15, 235.
  67. ↑ Brocklesby, John (1857). Elements of Astronomy. New York: Farmer, Brace & Co. tr. 14–15, 235.
  68. ↑
  69. ↑ Gauss, Carl Friedrich; Schumacher, Heinrich Christian (1865). Peters, Christian Friedrich August (biên tập). Briefwechsel zwischen C. F. Gauss und H. C. Schumacher (bằng tiếng Đức). tr. 115. Wenn noch mehrere von dieser Planetenfamilie entdeckt werden, so möchte es am Ende schwer halten, neue geeignete Zeichen aufzufinden, auch kann man doch eigentlich nicht von einem Atronomen verlangen, dass er Blumen- und Figurenzeichner seyn soll. Ich glaube es wäre weit bequemer, alle mit einem Kreise, der die Ordnungszahl ihrer Endeckung enthält, zu bezeichnen: Ceres mit ① Victoria mit ⑫ u. s. w. Man kommt dann nie in Verlegenheit. Es mögen so viele, wie man will, entdeckt werden, das Zeichen ist im voraus bestimmt. Alle diese Zeichen sind leicht zu schreiben, und sehen im Drucke gut aus, auch zeigt der letzte immer wie viele von der Brut da sind. Ich würde, wenn ich nicht einen grossen Abscheu vor allen nicht absolut nothwendigen Neuerungen hätte, den Vorschlag in den A. N. [Astronomische Nachrichten] machen.
  70. 1 2 3 Luther, R. (1853). “Beobachtungen des neuesten Planeten auf der Bilker Sternwarte”. Astronomische Nachrichten. 36 (24): 349–350. Bibcode:1853AN.....36Q.349.. doi:10.1002/asna.18530362403.
  71. 1 2 3 Encke, J.F. (1854). “Beobachtung der Bellona, nebst Nachrichten über die Bilker Sternwarte” [Observation of Bellona and news of the Bilk Observatory]. Astronomische Nachrichten. 38 (9): 143–144. Bibcode:1854AN.....38..143.. doi:10.1002/asna.18540380907.
  72. 1 2 3 Rümker, G. (1855). “Name und Zeichen des von Herrn R. Luther zu Bilk am 19. April entdeckten Planeten” [Name and symbol of the planet discovered by Mr. R. Luther at Bilk on the 19th of April]. Astronomische Nachrichten. 40 (24): 373–374. Bibcode:1855AN.....40Q.373L. doi:10.1002/asna.18550402405.
  73. 1 2 3 Luther, R. (1856). “Schreiben des Herrn Dr. R. Luther, Directors der Sternwarte zu Bilk, an den Herausgeber” [A letter to the editor, from Dr. R. Luther, Director of the Bilk Observatory]. Astronomische Nachrichten. 42 (7): 107–108. Bibcode:1855AN.....42..107L. doi:10.1002/asna.18550420705.
  74. 1 2 Marth, A. (1854). “Elemente und Ephemeride des März 1 in London entdeckten Planeten Amphitrite” [Elements and ephemeris from the March 1st discovery of the planet Amphitrite, from London]. Astronomische Nachrichten. 38 (11): 167–168. Bibcode:1854AN.....38..167.. doi:10.1002/asna.18540381103.
  75. ↑ Chambers, George Frederick (1877). A Handbook of Descriptive Astronomy. Clarendon Press. tr. 920–921. ISBN 978-1-108-01475-5.
  76. 1 2 Olmsted, Dennis (1855). Letters on Astronomy. Harper. tr. 288.
  77. ↑ Österreichischer Universal-Kalender, 1849, p. xxxix
  78. 1 2 3 Wilson, John (1899). A Treatise on English Punctuation. American Book Company. tr. 302. ISBN 978-1-4255-3642-8.
  79. ↑ Hencke, Karl Ludwig (1847). “Schreiben des Herrn Hencke an den Herausgeber” [A letter to the editor from Mr. Hencke]. Astronomische Nachrichten. 26 (610): 155–156. Bibcode:1847AN.....26..155H. doi:10.1002/asna.18480261007.
  80. ↑ Oesterreichischer Universal-Kalender für das gemeine Jahr 1849 [Austrian Universal Calendar for the Common Year 1849]. Austria. 1849. tr. xxxix.
  81. ↑ Faulks, David (28 tháng 5 năm 2016). “L2/16-080: Additional Symbols for Astrology” (PDF).
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Webster, Noah; Goodrich, Chauncey Allen (1864). Webster's Complete Dictionary of the English Language. tr. 1,692.
  83. ↑
  84. ↑ Slipher, V.M. (1930). “The trans-Neptunian planet”. Popular Astronomy. 38: 415.
  85. 1 2 Faulks, David. “Astrological Plutos” (PDF). www.unicode.org. Unicode. Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 10 năm 2021.
  86. 1 2 3 4 5 JPL/NASA (22 tháng 4 năm 2015). “What is a Dwarf Planet?”. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 9 năm 2021.
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  88. ↑ Faulks, David (12 tháng 6 năm 2016). “Eris and Sedna Symbols” (PDF). unicode.org. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 8 tháng 5 năm 2017.
  89. ↑ The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris for the Year 1833. The Board of Admiralty. 1831. tr. 1.
  90. ↑ The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, for the Year 1835. 1834. tr. 47.
  91. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (ấn bản 6). 1823. tr. 155. ... observe, that 60 seconds make a minute, 60 minutes make a degree, 30 degrees make a sign, and 12 signs make a circle.
  92. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Joyce, Jeremiah (1866). Scientific Dialogues for the Instruction and Entertainment of Young People. Bell and Daldy. tr. 109. ISBN 978-1-145-49244-8.
  93. ↑ The Nautical Almanac and the Astronomical Ephemeris for the year 1834. 1833. tr. xiii. The 1834 edition of the Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris abandoned the use of numerical signs (among other innovations); compare the representation of (ecliptic) longitude in the editions for the years 1834 and 1833.
  94. ↑ The IAU Style Manual (PDF). The International Astronomical Union (IAU). 1989. tr. 34. Lưu trữ (PDF) bản gốc ngày 21 tháng 6 năm 2018. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 8 năm 2018.
  95. ↑ Roy, Archie E.; David, Clarke (2003). Astronomy: Principles and practice. Taylor & Francis. tr. 73. ISBN 978-0-7503-0917-2.
  96. ↑ King-Hele, Desmond (1992). A Tapestry of Orbits. Cambridge University Press. tr. 16. ISBN 978-0-521-39323-2.
  97. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Lewis; Short. A Latin Dictionary – qua Tufts University Perseus Project.
  98. ↑ Covington, Michael A. (2002). Celestial Objects for Modern Telescopes. 2. tr. 77–78.
  99. 1 2 3 Tupman, G.L. (1877). “Observations of Comet I 1877”. Astronomische Nachrichten. 89 (11): 169–170. Bibcode:1877AN.....89..169T. doi:10.1002/asna.18770891103. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 3 năm 2011.
  100. 1 2 Miller, Kirk (23 tháng 12 năm 2021). “Unicode request for Lot of Fortune and eclipse symbols” (PDF). unicode.org.
  101. ↑ “Kirkhill Astronomical Pillar”. 23 tháng 5 năm 2018. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 16 tháng 10 năm 2021.

Tài liệu tham khảo

WikiPedia: Ký hiệu thiên văn https://archive.org/details/americandiction00paskg... https://archive.org/details/americandiction00paskg... https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2600.pdf https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2B00.pdf https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F300.pdf https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F700.pdf https://archive.org/details/evolutionofstars0000sa... https://archive.org/details/evolutionofstars0000sa... https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tq_DT8yrnn4C https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tq_DT8yrnn4C/pa...